Birth Control Pills: Benefits and Side Effects

Birth control pills have revolutionised family planning, offering millions of women worldwide a convenient and reversible method of contraception. These oral contraceptives play a crucial role in preventing unintended pregnancies, allowing individuals to plan their families and manage their reproductive health effectively. Globally, over 151 million women rely on birth control pills, making them one of the most popular contraceptive choices. In addition to their primary function of pregnancy prevention, birth control pills also offer various non-contraceptive benefits, such as regulating menstrual cycles and alleviating certain hormonal imbalances.

Did you know?
The birth control pill, now the fourth most common contraceptive method, was first approved by the FDA in 1960—not for contraception, but for regulating menstrual cycles.

Table of Contents

What Are Birth Control Pills?

Birth control pills are oral contraceptives that contain synthetic hormones designed to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the body’s natural reproductive processes. There are two main types of birth control pills:

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs): These pills contain both oestrogen and progestin hormones. They work by suppressing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, and thinning the uterine lining to reduce the likelihood of implantation.
Progestin-only Pills (POPs) or “Minipills”: These pills contain only the progestin hormone and primarily work by thickening cervical mucus and potentially suppressing ovulation, although the latter effect is less consistent compared to combined pills.

When taken correctly, birth control pills are highly effective, with a success rate of over 99%. However, in typical use, where pills may be missed occasionally, the effectiveness drops to around 91%. Understanding the proper usage and consistently taking the pills as prescribed is crucial for optimal contraceptive protection.

How Do Birth Control Pills Work?

Birth control pills are a popular and effective method of contraception that works by altering the body’s hormonal balance. These pills contain synthetic versions of the female hormones oestrogen and progestin, which mimic the natural hormonal state after ovulation. By suppressing the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, birth control pills prevent the development of follicles and subsequent ovulation. Furthermore, progestin thickens the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to penetrate the cervix and reach the egg. While birth control pills may also cause changes in the uterine lining, their primary mechanisms of action are ovulation prevention and cervical mucus thickening.

Uses of Birth Control Pills

Birth control pills have several important uses, including:

Contraception: The primary purpose of birth control pills is to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and altering cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration.
Regulation of Menstrual Cycles: Birth control pills can help regulate menstrual cycles, reducing irregularities and heavy bleeding. This can be particularly beneficial for women with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis.
Treatment of Acne: Some birth control pills have been shown to reduce acne by lowering androgen hormone levels, which contribute to acne formation. This can be a helpful treatment option for women who struggle with hormonal acne.
Management of Endometriosis: Birth control pills are often prescribed to manage symptoms of endometriosis by reducing menstrual bleeding and pain. By suppressing ovulation and thinning the uterine lining, birth control pills can help alleviate the discomfort associated with this condition.

Side Effects of Birth Control Pills

While birth control pills are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can cause some side effects. Common short-term effects may include:

Spotting or breakthrough bleeding, especially in the first 3 months
Nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, and bloating
Mood changes, acne, or mild weight fluctuations

These side effects often resolve within 2-3 months as your body adjusts to the hormones. However, there are also rare but serious risks associated with birth control pills, such as:

Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), particularly in smokers or those with clotting disorders
Increased blood pressure or liver complications (e.g., jaundice) in susceptible individuals
Slight elevation in breast/cervical cancer risk, balancing against reduced ovarian/endometrial cancer risk long-term

If you experience persistent or severe side effects, consult your doctor to discuss alternative contraceptive methods that may be more suitable for you. Proper usage of birth control pills is crucial for their effectiveness and to minimise side effects.

How to Use Birth Control Pills Correctly?

To ensure the effectiveness of birth control pills and reduce the risk of side effects, it is essential to use them correctly. Here are some key points to keep in mind:

Take the pill at the same time every day to maintain consistent hormone levels and prevent breakthrough bleeding.
If you miss a pill, consult your doctor’s guidelines for specific instructions, as the appropriate action may vary depending on the type of pill and the timing of the missed dose.
Complete the full cycle of pills as prescribed, and if you experience persistent side effects, discuss alternative contraceptive methods with your healthcare provider.

By following these guidelines and maintaining open communication with your doctor, you can effectively use birth control pills to prevent pregnancy while minimising the risk of side effects.

Birth Control Pills in India

Birth control pills are widely accessible in India, with various brands and formulations available at pharmacies. Popular options include I-Pill, an emergency contraceptive, and combined oral contraceptives like Diane 35, Triquilar, and Yasmin. These pills typically contain hormones such as levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol. Prices range from ₹30 to ₹210 per pack, depending on the brand, formulation, and packaging. It’s important to consult with a doctor to determine the most suitable option based on individual needs and health status.

Conclusion

Birth control pills are an effective method of contraception, but it’s essential to be aware of their potential side effects. They work by regulating hormones in the body, and their suitability depends on various factors, including individual health conditions. For personalised advice, it’s crucial to consult with a doctor or family physician. They can help determine the most appropriate type of pill based on specific needs and health status. When considering birth control options, always prioritise professional guidance to ensure the safest and most effective choice.

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

What are birth control pills, and how do they work?

Birth control pills contain synthetic oestrogen and progestin hormones. They prevent ovulation by interfering with the brain’s control over hormone release and altering cervical mucus to block sperm entry.

What are the different types of birth control pills?

The main types are combined pills (containing both oestrogen and progestin), progestin-only pills, and continuous-use pills. They differ in their hormonal content and impact on menstrual cycles.

Can birth control pills cause weight gain?

Weight gain is a potential side effect for some women taking birth control pills. However, this effect varies and may depend on the specific pill formulation used.

How effective are birth control pills?

When taken correctly, birth control pills are about 99% effective in preventing pregnancy, making them a highly reliable contraceptive method.

What are the side effects of taking birth control pills?

Common side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, and possible weight gain. Rarely, serious side effects like blood clots can occur.

How long do birth control pills take to be effective?

Combined pills are immediately effective if started within five days of the first day of the menstrual period. Otherwise, they become effective after seven days of use.

Can I get pregnant while on birth control pills?

Pregnancy is unlikely if pills are taken as directed. However, missed pills or incorrect usage can lead to contraceptive failure and potential pregnancy.

Are birth control pills safe for everyone?

Generally, birth control pills are safe. However, they may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain health conditions or risk factors like smoking above age 35.

Birth Control Pills: Uses, Side Effects, and How They Work